Health

Peripheral immune tolerance restrains mature lymphocytes outside primary lymphoid organs, preventing harmful responses to self and harmless environmental antigens.

Pharmacology is the science of drug actions, their movement through living organisms, and their beneficial and harmful effects.

Physiology is the study of how living organisms function, from molecular and cellular mechanisms to coordinated whole-organism processes.

Prevalence is the proportion of a defined population that has a disease, condition, or characteristic at a specified time or during a specified period.

Primary health care is a whole-of-society approach combining integrated health services, action on health determinants, and community participation.

Public health is the organized effort to prevent disease, protect health, and improve well-being across populations through research, services, policy, and collective action.

Public health surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and communication of health data to inform population-level prevention and response.

Quality of life is a multidimensional concept encompassing people’s living conditions, functioning, relationships, and subjective evaluations of their lives.

A regulatory T cell is a specialized T lymphocyte that restrains immune responses, maintains self-tolerance, and helps control inflammation.

Rehabilitation comprises person-centred interventions that improve or maintain functioning, reduce disability, and support participation in everyday life.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes joint inflammation and can damage joints and affect other organs.

Sickle cell disease is a group of inherited hemoglobin disorders that cause red blood cell sickling, anemia, painful episodes, and potentially serious organ damage.

Smallpox was a contagious disease caused by variola virus, eradicated worldwide through vaccination and coordinated surveillance, with eradication formally declared in 1980.

Social determinants of health are the social, economic, and environmental conditions that shape health outcomes and their distribution across populations.

Stroke is sudden brain injury caused by interrupted blood flow or bleeding, potentially resulting in neurological disability or death.

Surgery is the medical discipline concerned with operative treatment, diagnosis, and the care of patients before and after procedures.

A synapse is a specialized junction through which a neuron communicates with another neuron or a target cell by chemical or electrical signaling.

A chronic autoimmune disease with variable inflammatory effects on the skin, joints, blood, kidneys, and other organs.

T-cell costimulation comprises receptor-mediated signals that complement antigen recognition and regulate T-cell activation, proliferation, survival, and differentiation.

The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ where T cells mature and undergo selection that supports immune defense and tolerance to the body’s own tissues.

Traditional Chinese medicine is a medical system that developed in China, encompassing distinctive diagnostic and therapeutic theories and practices such as Chinese materia medica, acupuncture, and moxibustion.

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic disease, usually autoimmune, in which destruction of pancreatic beta cells causes severe insulin deficiency and elevated blood glucose.

Universal health coverage means access to needed, quality health services for everyone without financial hardship.

A vaccine is a biological preparation that stimulates specific immune responses to prevent disease or, in some applications, treat an existing condition.

The World Health Organization is the United Nations specialized agency responsible for international health cooperation, technical standards, and coordination of responses to health emergencies.