History

An Islamic dynasty that ruled from Iraq between 750 and 1258, with a later ceremonial caliphate in Cairo until 1517.

Swedish inventor and industrialist who developed dynamite and bequeathed most of his fortune to establish the Nobel Prizes.

Ancient Egypt was a civilization on the lower Nile. It lasted from its political unification around 3100 BCE until Rome annexed it in 30 BCE.

Greek-speaking civilization of the eastern Mediterranean, c. 800 BC–AD 600 by broad definitions, known for its city-states, early democracy, philosophy, science and art.

The Bronze Age is a regionally defined archaeological period distinguished by bronze metallurgy, expanding exchange networks, and diverse forms of social and political organization.

The Byzantine Empire was the medieval continuation of the Roman Empire, centered on Constantinople and enduring until its conquest in 1453.

Constantinople, now Istanbul, was the eastern Roman and Byzantine imperial capital and, after its conquest in 1453, the Ottoman capital.

The Dartmouth workshop was a 1956 summer research gathering that helped establish artificial intelligence as a named field of scientific inquiry.

The Great Depression was a worldwide economic crisis beginning in 1929, marked by collapsing output, mass unemployment, banking failures, and uneven recovery during the 1930s.

The Han dynasty ruled imperial China between 206 BCE and 220 CE, with an interruption, consolidating institutions and cultural traditions that influenced subsequent Chinese history.

The imperial examination system selected officials in imperial China through competitive tests and shaped education, elite status, and political culture until its abolition in 1905.

The shift from hand production to machines, factories and fossil-fuel power, beginning in Britain around 1760 and later spreading worldwide.

The Manhattan Project was the secret United States–led wartime program that developed the first nuclear weapons, combining scientific research with large-scale industrial production.

Mesopotamia is the historical region of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, where some of the earliest cities, states, and writing traditions developed.

Michael Faraday was an English experimental scientist whose discoveries established fundamental principles of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.

The Middle Ages were the period of European history between classical antiquity and the early modern era, approximately 500–1500.

Nazi Germany was the dictatorship led by Adolf Hitler from 1933 to 1945, responsible for European territorial aggression, the Holocaust, and other mass atrocities.

The 2025 Nobel awards honoured fourteen individuals for achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, peace, and economic sciences.

Ptolemy was a second-century scholar whose writings shaped astronomy, geography, astrology, optics, and music theory for many centuries.

The Qin dynasty (221–207 BCE) was China's first unified, centralized empire. It established the basic framework of the imperial state for more than two thousand years.

The Renaissance was a European cultural movement of the 14th to 17th centuries. It began in Italy and revived classical learning, art and humanist thought.

The Roman Empire was the autocratic Roman state from 27 BC. It ruled the Mediterranean world until the West fell in 476, and its eastern half lasted until 1453.

A transformation of European knowledge in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that reshaped explanations of nature, investigative methods, and scientific institutions.

A network of overland and maritime trade routes linking East Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, the Middle East and Europe, c. 2nd century BCE–15th century CE.

The Song dynasty ruled China from 960 to 1279, combining civilian government, commercial expansion, technological innovation, and influential artistic and philosophical traditions.

The Tang dynasty (618–907) followed the Sui as a unified Chinese dynasty. It was based in Chang'an, had 21 emperors over 289 years, and marked a high point of imperial China's politics, economy and culture.

Uruk was a major ancient Mesopotamian city whose archaeological remains document early urbanization, monumental architecture, and the development of writing.

A global war fought from 1914 to 1918 that defeated the Central Powers, dismantled empires, and transformed international politics and modern warfare.

A global conflict from 1939 to 1945 between the Allies and the Axis powers. It was the deadliest war in history and reshaped the world order.